Understanding Conversational Text: Invitation and Responses

Objectives

Learning Competency: In this lesson you are going to learn about how to invite someone and how to response someone’s invitation so that you are able to invite and give responses in correct ways.

Learn about it!

The teenager's life is full of interesting things, including the ups and downs of social life. Have you ever had a party or your friends invited you to come to their party? How did you invite your friend to your party? When you receive an invitation from others, you have two options: to come or not. If you are available to come, how do you accept the invitation? However, if you cannot come because of one and other reasons, how do you decline/refuse them? At the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to invite someone or accept the invitation or decline the invitation in correct ways.

An invitation has a specific social function, to invite someone to come to an event. There are many ways or expressions that can be used to invite someone. Based on the situation, the expressions of invitation are divided into two. Those are formal situations and informal situations.

Formal invitations can be used to invite someone who older than us or invite someone in formal event like meeting.

Informal invitations can be used to invite our friends or invite someone in informal situation like birthday party.

There are some examples of invitation:
- Would you like to come to my graduation party next week?
- I’d very much like to you to attend the meeting next Saturday?
- Would you care to join our journey to Lombok next holiday?
- Come and join my 15th birthday party!
- You must come to the grand opening of my shoe shop.

If we are attending the invitation, we can accept the invitation by saying:

• That’s very kind of you.
• We’d very much like to come to your graduation party next week.
• What a delightful idea.
• OK!
• Alright.

If we are not attending the invitation, we can decline the invitation by saying:

• Thank you for asking me, but I should go to Bali next week.
• I’d like to. But I have another meeting next Saturday.
• Unfortunately, I can’t. I already have a plan for next holiday.
• Sorry, I can’t.
• I think, I can’t.

There are some expressions that we can use to invite someone in formal situation or in informal situation.

Formal Situation

Inviting Someone

• Would you like to ....
• I'd very much like you to ....
• We should be pleased/delighted if you could ....
• Would you care to ....

Accepting Someone Invitation

• That's very kind of you.
• We'd very much like to ....
• What a delightful idea.
• With the greatest pleasure.
• Thank you very much for inviting me.

Declining Someone’s Invitation

• I'm very sorry, I don't think I can.
• I'd like to, but ....
• I'm afraid I've already promised ....
• Thank you for asking me, but ....
• Unfortunately, I can't ....

Informal Situation/Casual ways

Inviting Someone

• Why don't you come to ....
• Like to come to ....
• Come and ....
• Shall we come to ....
• You must come to ....

Accepting Someone Invitation

• I would/will ....
• That would be very nice.
• OK!
• I'd like to love to come.
• All right (then).

Declining Someone’s Invitation

• Sorry, I can't.
• I'd love to, but ....
• I don't think I can.
• I wish I could, but ....

Keypoints

• Invitation is used to invite someone to come to an event.
• There are two kinds of invitation, those are: formal invitation and informal invitation.
• Formal invitation is used to invite someone who older than us or invite someone in formal event.
• Informal situation is used to invite our friends in informal event.
• There are two kinds of response the invitation:
• Accepting invitation, it we mean that we can attend the invitation.
• Declining invitation, it means that can’t attend the invitation.

Writing Personal Letters: Inviting Others

Objectives

Through this section, you will learn how to write an invitation letter.

Learn about it!

Have you ever been to your friend’s birthday party? Before going to the party, your friend gave you a letter or card to invite you. Well, this kind of letter is an example of an invitation letter. In this section, we will not only learn about invitation letters, but we will also learn how to write it on your own! Let’s get started!

Today, Hannah gets an invitation letter from her friend, Diana. She is not sure whether she can go or not because the party is on the same day with her drama rehearsal. The invitation letter is in the picture below.

In your opinion, what party is going to be held by Diana? When and where? If Hannah decided not to come, when does she need to tell Diana?

From the picture, we can get plenty information, we know that:

1. Diana invites Hannah to her birthday party
2. The party will be in Mountana Residence on Sunday, 18 July 2015
3. If Hannah cannot go, she should tell Diana before 10th July. Why? It is because in the invitation, we can find this information RSVP before 10th July. RSVP means that you have to confirm whether you will come or not.

So, from Diana’s invitation letter, we know that it should have the following elements:

So, in an invitation letter, there should be the name of the host, information of the event, time of the event, place to conduct the event, and confirmation date.

There are two types of confirmation date, RSVP and Regret Only. In RSVP, we have to confirm whether we will come or not. In Regret Only, we need to confirm only when we cannot come. Moreover, an invitation letter is written in the present tense.

Look at the invitation letter below. The following invitation letter is not written well. What is wrong with the letter?

Do you find the mistake? Well, there are some mistakes in the card. You will find illogical and missing information in Marsha’s Invitation.

Look at the picture below:

See, the letter is written in the past tense (were). It is inappropriate because an invitation letter should be in present tense. Moreover, the confirmation date is 5th July, while the Birthday Party will be held on 19 June 2015. The invitation letter also missed important information, i.e. the place of the party!
So, how is it? Have you understand what to write in an invitation letter? Are you ready to write your own invitation letter? Let’s check in the next section!

Do you understand?

Hannah is going to perform a drama. Now, she is going to write an invitation letter to invite people watch her Drama Show but she is confused what to write. Would you help her? She just wrote some information in her notebook. Here they are:
1. Name of the Drama Show: Sangkuriang
2. Conducted by Teater Bumi
3. Place: Adam Malik Hall, Aceh Street No. 21
4. Time: Monday, 20 August 2015, 7 p.m. – 9 p.m.
Now, try to write an invitation letter to help Hannah. Write it in the template below.

Have you completed the letter above? Now let's compare to the right answer. Here is the complete invitation letter for Hannah.

Keypoints

In this section, you have learnt how to write invitation letters. In writing an invitation letter, you have to include some information. They are:

1. Name of the Event
2. Name of the Host
3. Time of the Event
4. Place
5. Date of confirmation

There are two kinds of confirmation. They are RSVP and Regret Only. Besides that, remember, the invitation letter should be in the present tense.

Understanding Descriptive Text

Objectives

Recognizing a descriptive text, the characteristics, composition, generic structure, and the choice of words.

Learn about it!

There are many texts you learn in English subject. One of them is a descriptive text. In this lesson, you will learn more about that kind of text.

What is a descriptive text?

Descriptive text is a text that describes the characteristics of a thing, a place, or a person. A descriptive text describes general things. It can be about food, animals, hobby, music, fashion, etc. In a descriptive text, the writer gives facts and opinions about those things. If the text describes a place, it explains why the place is special. If the text describes a person, it can explain about famous people or important people in the writer’s life.

What is the function of a descriptive text?

Descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place or thing. A descriptive text aims to show the reader what something or someone is like. By giving specific information about the object, the writers expect that the readers understand the same thing about the object being described.

What are the characteristics of a descriptive text?

A descriptive text starts with identification. It has general information about the thing of the thing that the text describes. It later gives a description, in which there are more explanations about the thing. This is what people usually mean by generic structure.

The generic structure of a descriptive text is identification and description.As long as there are those two points, a descriptive text can always be done. A descriptive text uses the mostly present tense. However, the writer may also use other tenses depends on the needs.

Do you understand?

The examples of descriptive texts

• A descriptive text about a hobby

Riding a bicycle

My hobby is riding a bicycle. I usually go cycling with my high school friend on the weekends. Cycling is very relaxing. It doesn’t hard to do this activity. It gives a lot of fun in doing a sports activity. I have a mountain bike, so I can go far to the higher place in my city. I always wear a helmet and gloves. Sometimes I use pads. But, if I just ride my bicycle around the neighborhood, I don’t use all of them. It is important to take care of the bike, so it will last long. I usually check the chains and gear, also the tires. If you drive a car, you should share the road with bicycles, and just like a car, a bicycle also needs to follow the traffic rules.

• A descriptive text about a person

image source: www.imdb.com
                                                                                                                              Daniel Radcliffe

Daniel was born in London on July 23rd, 1989. He is the only child in the family. He is the only child in his family. He has become a very famous actor after his role as the young wizard Harry Potter. He wanted to be an actor since he was five years old, and he said that he wanted to keep continue acting. He also wants to be a director one day. Daniel went to an all-boys school. It means there is no girl there. He loves to play pranks on his friend. Just like many people from England, he loves football. He is a fan of Fulham football club. He also likes to watch wrestling and formula one racing. He is a big fan of music too. He prefers punk rock.

• A descriptive text about a place

image source: www.birdpark.sg
                                                                                                                        Jurong Bird Park
Jurong Bird Park is one of the most interesting places to visit in Singapore. It is located in Jurong, an industrial area of Singapore. You have to go about twelve kilometers from the center of the city if you want to get there. You can get there by bus or taxi.
It is one of the world’s largest bird parks. There are almost all bird species there, including penguins, parrots, eagles, and ostriches. It has also fun exhibits, interactive shows, and of course, its charming residents. There is a large lake in the park. There is also a restaurant beside it. You have to take about two hours if you want to see all the birds there.

Keypoints

A descriptive text is a little bit different from the report text. In a report text, you can only write the facts about the thing, while in a descriptive text, the thing can be very specific such as your personal thing, and you can also share what you think about the thing you are describing.

Formal and Informal Announcement

Objectives

Responding to the meaning of formal and informal transactional (to get things done) conversation and interpersonal (socializing) conversation fluently and accurately; by using a variety of simple oral text in various daily life contexts and involving expressions of accepting invitations, offers, and calls.

Lesson

       Have you ever joined school events or competitions? If so, where did you get the information about the events or competition? It is usually from an announcement, isn’t it?

       You can find an announcement on the board magazine or in the OSIS room. The announcement tells you information about what is happening or what will happen.It can also inform about on-going or upcoming events. Announcements at school can also be about class assignments, test scores, or extracurricular activities.

       Outside the school, you can find announcements from a lot of sources, such as magazines, newspapers, or the internet, especially social media. Here are samples of the announcement.

This announcement is about the school music festival. From the announcement, we know that the event will be held on February 21st, 2015, at 3 p.m. at the school hall. If you want more information, you can contact the OSIS secretariat office. This announcement uses casual style because it is simple and it is used between students.
Take a look at the other announcement.

This announcement informs about the cancellation of an event. This announcement is more formal. We can see for the language used in the announcement. For serious matters, we better use a formal announcement. We also have to consider who the announcement is for. Young people might be more interested in casual style announcement, older people might prefer a formal announcement.
       When you see announcements about some events, such as music or movie shows, you sometimes want to ask someone to come to the events. You may also experience someone asking you to come to some events or join competitions and you want to. In this lesson, you are going to learn about how to accept invitations or offers.

Do you understand?

Before you learn the phrases, please read the following conversations.
Conversation 1
Vita: Do you know that there will be a School Music Festival?
Zaskia: Yes. I have read the announcement.
Vita: Shall we come together? I know you want it too.
Zaskia: All right! Let’s go!
Conversation 2
Mr. Henry: I learn from an announcement that the Education Fair is cancelled.
Ardi : Yes, Sir. I think we should change the plan.
Mr. Henry: Would you like to visit a museum instead?
Ardi : What a delightful idea. I will tell the other students.
The above conversations show how to accept an invitation or offer. There are other phrases you can use in accepting invitations or offers.
Formal situation (to older or respected people)
That’s very kind of you.
What a delightful idea.
With the greatest pleasure.
Certainly. Thank you.
Sure. Thank you very much.
Informal Situation (between friends or people close to you)
I would/will ….
Sure. Why not?
I’d love to.
OK (if you say so)
All right (then)
Yes, please.
That sounds great/ like a good idea.
That would be (lovely/fun/awesome/….)

Keypoints

If you cannot accept the invitation or offers you can state your reasons.
I’d love to, but …. (give your reason here)
I wish I could, but …. (give your reason here)
I am afraid I can’t because …. (give your reason here)

Enough…Not Enough

Objectives

Understanding the use of “enough” in various context of expression

Learn about it!

Grammar explanation

enough means 'as much as necessary'. It can be used with an adjective, an adverb, a verb or a noun. It can also act as a pronoun.

With adjectives and adverbs

enough comes after adjectives and adverbs.

I'm not tall enough to reach the top shelf.
Your marks are good enough to study engineering at university.
I couldn't write quickly enough and I ran out of time.
I've helped at conferences often enough to know what can go wrong.

With verbs

enough comes after verbs.

I make sure I drink enough during the day.
I don't read enough but I'm going to start downloading books to my phone. 

With nouns

enough comes before nouns.

There isn't enough bread to make sandwiches.
Have you got enough money?

As a pronoun

enough can also be used without a noun. 

I'll get some more chairs. There aren't enough.
A: Do you want more coffee? B: No, I've had enough, thanks.

We know what the noun is because of the context.

With an adjective and a noun

When enough is used with an adjective and a noun, two positions are possible but the meaning changes.

We haven't got big enough envelopes. 
We haven't got enough big envelopes.

When enough is after the adjective (big enough envelopes), it describes the adjective – the envelopes are too small. When enough is before the adjective (enough big envelopes), it describes the noun phrase – we have some big envelopes, but we need more.

enough of

We normally only use enough of when it is followed by a determiner or a pronoun (a/an/the, this/that, my/your/his, you/them, etc.).

There isn't enough of that bread to make sandwiches for everyone.
I've seen enough of his work to be able to recommend him.
There's enough of us to make a difference.

Do you understand?

 Discussion text

Objectives

In this lesson, you will learn about how to understand the Definition, Generic structure, social function of discussion text.

Learn about it!

Do you ever discuss??? Huh, I’m sure my friends must be familiar with the discussion and often do it. We often discuss to find a solution to a problem faced. In the discussion, of course, there are pros and cons. Because the discussion is actually to get consensus or agreement from others. We do discussion not only in the world of education but we also often discuss for small things like asking for opinions. Well, actually one of the English genres of text that is Discussion Text brings the same discourse as when we discuss something.

When we discuss a matter, of course in our discussion there are various arguments/opinions. Likewise in Discussion Text, this text has two different opinions; one, agreeable opinion and, two, disagreeable opinions. Therefore we must have a broad view of a problem if we want to make a discussion text.

For more details, let’s one by one discuss what we should understand in studying Discussion Text.

Definition of Discussion Text

Discussion is a process of finding common ground between two different thoughts, views or opinions. And discussion text can be defined :

Discussion text is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text. In other word, Discussion is a kind of genre used to present (at least) two points of view about an issue.

General structure of Discussion Text

– Issue: stating the issue which is to discussed
– Argument pro: presenting the point in supporting the presented issue
– Argument cons: presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
– Conclusion/recommendation: stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse

Purpose of Discussion text

– To present two points of view about issues or problems.
– To present arguments from differing points of view about the issue or problem..

Language feature of Discussion text

– Introducing category or generic participant
– Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
– Using contrastive conjunction; however, on the other hand, but, in other side, although, etc
– Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
– Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
– Simple present

Do you understand?

1.    Definition of Discussion

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

2.    Generic Structure of Discussion

·         Statement of the issue; stating the issue which is to discussed

·         List of supporting points; presenting the point in supporting the presented issue

·         List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point

·         Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse

3.    Language Feature of Discussion

·         Introducing category or generic participant

·         Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc

·         Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc

·         Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc

·         Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc

4.    Examples and structures of the text

Homework
Issue	I have been wondering if homework is necessary.
Statement of issue and Preview	I think we should have homework because it helps us to learn and revise our work. Homework helps people who aren’t very smart to remember what they have learned. Homework is really good because of it helps with our education.
Statement of various viewpoints	But, many times, doing homework is not a great idea. I think we shouldn’t have homework because I like to go out after school at a restaurant or the movies. Sometimes homework is boring and not important. I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss things with my family.

Example of Discussion Text

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of the nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.

Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for the engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed and produces huge amounts of energy. It causes no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of a nuclear plant are as follow:

• It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
• It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
• It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
• It produces small amount of waste.
• It is reliable.

On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.

People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

Note on the Generic Structure of Discussion Text

Discussion is a process to find the meet point between two different ideas. It is important to to get the understanding between the two differences. In many social activities, discussion is the effective way to calm down any friction and difference in thought, perception and recommendation.

This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the advantage and disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case which need to be talked and discussed from two points. They are represented in the generic structure which is used:

Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear power can be the choice in fulfilling the needed energy.

Supporting Point: In the second paragraph, it is presented the advantages of nuclear power plant to be used as the source of the world's energy needed

Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives the contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy.

Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on how people should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.

A.   Hunting Fox

Foxhunting is a subject that provokes very strong feelings. Many people believe that it is cruel to hunt a fox with dogs and totally agree with its ban.

Many farmer and even conservationists, however, have always argue that the fox is a pest which attacks livestock and must be controlled.

 (Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk)

Generic Structure Analysis

Stating the issue; hunting fox.

Supporting point; farmers and conservationists agree to hunt fox because they attack livestok.

Contrastive point; many people disagree hunting fox with dog because it is cruel.

Recommendation; Do not be cruel in hunting fox just control it in safe way.

Language Feature Analysis

Introducing category participant; farmer, conservationists.

Using thinking verb; believe.

Using connectives;

Using modalities; must, always