PENDAHULUAN

As a student, sometimes you don’t want to do school activities alone. Sometimes, you can’t do some things only by yourself. You want to do them with your friends or have to do things with your friends. Can you mention those activities?

PEMBELAJARAN

SUB MATERI 1 OFFERING SOMETHING

Objectives

Understanding transactional and interpersonal dialogues in the form of offering something
1. Able to identify the expression of offering something
2. Able to identify the use of the expressions in offering something to others
3. Able to identify the use of formal and informal expression in offering something in a certain context

Learn about it!

In this series we are going to talk about Offering something. To improve your skill in listening, you have better to practice it a lot. By doing brainstorming and note taking during listening task you could developing ideas.

 How to offering help to someone, let’s watch this clip.

Here are the scripts of conversation above.

Debbie	:	Oh, no!
Pete	:	What? What's the matter?
Debbie	:	I've forgotten to get a projector.
	:	I promised to show some photos of my fashion project to Lilyand some of her friends at Sunny Bank this afternoon. I've got them on this memory stick but I need a projector.
	:	I was going to borrow one from our neighbour.
Pete	:	What about a computer?
Debbie	:	A computer screen's too small for them to see properly.
	:	Oh, I'm so stupid. JOEL: I'll get you a projector.
Debbie	:	How? I need it now.
Joel	:	Meet me in the entrance hall in... five minutes.

What was Debbies’ problems?

What for Debbie need a projector?

If you are as Joel what did you say to Debbie for helping her?

You might say “Let me help you to get a projector”

This expression is offering help to others. If you wonder about this expression let’s read the others examples and it’s explanation.

Read the following dialogue!

The above dialogue is the example of the use of expressions in offering something. The dialogue reveals that Irma did not finish her homework yet. She also had to return Lany’s book and doing her homework at the same time. Her best friend, Sandy, offered a help that he would give the book to Lany. Sandy said “Do you want me to give it to her?”. This is one of the expressions of offering something. Offering something means willingness or intention of doing something to someone else. The following are some expressions and responses of offering something.

Do you understand?

Those expressions are divided into 2 types; based on the context or situation. They are formal and informal expression. The talk on the left side is informal and the talk on the right side is formal. We use a formal expression when we talk to someone older than us, for example: parents, teacher, uncle, aunt, etc. Formal expression shows that we do respect the person we talk to. We use informal expression when we talk to someone who has the same age/level with us, for instance: friends, someone younger than you, etc. The following is the table showing formal and informal expression.

Example:
Shinta saw Mr Budi brought many books. Mr Budi seemed could not handle them. So, what should Shinta say to Mr Budi?

Answer:
Shinta : Would you like me to bring your books, Sir?
Mr Budi : Oh, thank you Shinta.

The bold sentence implies that Shinta offered a help to Mr Budi bringing his books.

SUB MATERI 2 HOW TO  RESPON OFFERS

Objectives

Responding to formal and informal meaning of daily-conversation-written texts in an accurate and fluent way.

Learn about it!

Today, we are going to learn about How to respond offers. To improve your skill in listening, you have better to practice it a lot. By doing brainstorming and note taking during listening task you could developing ideas.

 let’s watch this video.

Here are the scripts of conversation above.

Joel	:	Here. I need to get it back to the I.T room before school finishes.
	:	How long will you be?
Debbie	:	About an hour?
Joel	:	That's cool.
Debbie	:	Joel, does anyone know that I've got this?
Joel	:	I do.
Debbie	:	OK. Thanks.

In this situation, Joel offers help to Debbie, He can use this expression “Let me help you to get a projector” Debbie might say “Of course, It really important to me” or “You’re very kind”

In daily conversation you will face situations where someone offers you some help, or food, or invite you to visit their house or to go to some events like a concert or movie. When someone offers you assistance and you need or want to accept, remember to thank them. If their assistance makes them sacrifice a significant amount of time, energy and other resources, ask them if you can return the favor. This is a polite way to return somebody’s good effort for you.

Read the following illustration to make it clearer.

       Take for an example, a situation when you are ill and your friend offers to take you to the doctor. This friend arranges a transportation for you, accompany you in consulting with the doctor, get you the medicine and take you home. What your friend did to you, of course consumed her/ his time, cost and energy. In return, you can offer to accompany her/ him when she/ he needs you. If the assistance makes someone have to pay some money, compensate him or her. For example, if you accept a ride from a friend, offer him or her to spare the gas cost.

How to say it?

       There are various expressions that you can use to accept an offer. When talking to older people or to strangers, you will need to use formal sentences. However, when speaking to close friends you can use more casual way.
Here are examples of how to accept an offer formally:

Thank you for your offer. I would be delighted to.
Thank you. I would love to.
Yes, thank you. That would be great/ wonderful.

Do you know? Sometimes contractions make formal phrases sounds more casual but still polite:

Thanks for your offer. I’d be delighted to.
Thanks. I’d love to.
Yes, thanks. That’d be great/ wonderful.

Let's think!

Read and study these following situations.

Situation 1: a conversation between a taxi driver and a client
Driver: Shall I carry your suitcase?
Ms. Anna: Yes please. That would be very kind of you.

Situation 2 : a conversation between colleagues
Mr. Dean: Would you like me to print the report?
Mr. Hans: If you wouldn't mind. Or If you could.

Situation 3 : a conversation between friends
Hanna : Good morning, Ajeng. Coffee?
Ajeng : Oh, great! I’d love one.

       When someone offers you assistance and you do not need or want it, decline politely and be firm when necessary. In western culture, it is not offensive to politely decline offered assistance. Just say to them that you “get it” or you “want to try it on your own.” If someone offers you food and you do not want it, you can just say “No, but thanks for offering.”

Here are some examples on declining an offer:
No thank you.
No, but thanks for offering.

The following examples are for specific situations:

Declining assistance
It's OK, I can do it.
Don't worry, I'll do it.

Declining foods
I'm really full. Thanks anyway.
Looks delicious, but I'll have to pass.

Here are some more examples:

Situation 1: a conversation between a waiter and a consumer in a restaurant
Waiter : Would you like another piece of cake?
Mr. Brown : Yes please, that would be nice.

Situation 2: a conversation between friends
Mia : Do you want some strawberries?
Tanya : I am good. Thanks.

       When someone says, “I am good.” It means that she or he does not need an offer. Accepting and declining offers politely may depend on what you are asked.

Do you understand?

The following are example of offering question. You can learn what to say if you accept or decline the offer

Example 1
Question
Do you need a ride?
Positive response
Yes, please.
Yes, I’d love to.
Sure. That’s very kind of you.
Negative response
I am okay. Thank you.
I'd better not.
No, but thanks for offering.

Example 2
Question
Would you like to go to a music festival?
Positive response
Sounds good.
Sure. I'd love to.
Yeah. Good idea.
Negative response
No, I'd rather not.
I'm sorry, but I can't.

Example 3
Question
How about some more French fries?
Positive response
All right. Thanks.
Sure. Thanks.
Don't mind if I do.
Negative response
No, thanks.
I'm really full. Thanks anyway.
Looks delicious, but I'll have to pass.

Example 4
Question
How about going to the movie this weekend?
Positive response
Great. What time?
Sounds like fun.
All right. When and where?
Negative response
Sorry. I'm busy this weekend.
I don't think I can.
How about some other time?

RANGKUMAN

1.	Offering something is the expression showing readiness and intention to help or to do something for someone else.
2.	The expressions of offering something are classified into two groups, namely formal and informal expression.
3.	The formal expression is used when you offer something to someone older than you. While informal expression is used when you offer something to someone younger than or the same level as you.

Objectives

through this section, you will learn how to use cause and effect and also referents

Welcome to study English
In this series, we are going to talk about cause and effect relationships
Listen to someone who talks about Global Warming.
Try to Brainstorming, Note-taking, and developing ideas for the topic below!
Learn about it!

Let's watch this video!

What is the speaker talk about?
....................
By doing brainstorming, you can determine general information about the text.

What are the causes of global warming?
..................
you see in the clip car, factory waste, and cutting down trees

you can find specific information by doing a note-taking. It is very essential during the listening task.

Now its time for you for explaining what is global warming?
................
By developing ideas you will able to explaining what global warming is.

Here is the script for that clip.

Read the text then make cause and effect sentences!
So, what is global warming? It’s the result of billions of decisions. It's caused by decisions made by individuals-like driving big cars rather than small cars. And it's caused by decisions made by corporations and nations, like dumping waste into the atmosphere.

Nature is already responding to global warming. There have been changes in global weather patterns.

Trees are flowering earlier. Birds are laying eggs earlier. Butterflies are moving up hills.

What is global warming? It's the result of billions of individual decisions. You can't manage that at the scale of the individual.

Managing the atmosphere has to take at the global level. That's why it needs international agreement.

OK, so you read the text about What global warming is.

What has caused global warming?
You read 'gases in the air, cars, factory waste, and people cutting trees down. So if you made notes, you would get an idea these were the thing causing global warming.
Global warming is caused by people using cars, and people dumping waste into the atmosphere.

Now let's look for some of the effects
Driving cars causes air pollution.

The others example are
1. Global warming is the result of a billion decision
2. A billion decision lead to Global warming
3. Global warming is caused by dumping waste into the atmosphere
4. Dumping waste into the atmosphere leads to global warming
5. Birds are laying eggs earlier is the result of global warming
6. Birds are laying eggs earlier is the effect of global warming

To express cause and effect we can use some logical connector such as SO...THAT/ SUCH ...THAT. Here are the examples

Managing the atmosphere in the scale of the individual is SO difficult that ways we need international agreement.

It is such a serious problem that ways we need international agreement.

we can use this pattern SO + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + THAT

The sky of Jakarta is so dark that the factories are dumping waste into the atmosphere

we will try to use this pattern SUCH + NOUN + THAT
It is such a serious problem that ways we need the international agreement

let's play game "Click Here"



You could practice how to use cause and effect relationship in this order.

Traditionally, the UAE’s economy has been completely reliant on oil within the past 15 years, however, its economy has diversified. Some believe that the UAE’s economy will collapse if Abu Dhabi runs out oil and some refute this. This point of view will be discussed in this order.

It is believed by some that if Abu Dhabi runs out of oil the UAE’s economy would fall apart. An idea that supports this is the historical fact that the UAE’s economy has been almost completely dependent on its capital oil reserves. It can be argued that this history will remain true in the future. Thus, it is clear why some people gravitate towards this point of view.

On the other hand, many argue that Abu Dhabi’s oil reserves are not the only industry upholding the UAE’s economy, for example, industries such as tourism and construction has gained a very strong foothold in the Emirate’s economy. Thus, these industries can be expected to support the UAE’s economy the absence of oil. It is clear why many supported this claim.

For reason related to history and recent developments, the issue of economic stability in the UAE without the support of Abu Dhabi’s oil is supported and refuted by many. However, after analyzing these two points of view, it is clear that the historical condition in the Emirates has changed. Thus, the argument that the UAE’s economy would fall apart without the support of Abu Dhabi’s oil cannot be supported and is expected to be never be realized. It can be recommended that keep trusting to the UAE’s economy with or without supported by Abu Dhabi’s oil reserves.

Vocabularies

1. reliant= terkantung

2. diversified = beragam

3. collapse = runtuh

4. upholding = mengangkat

5. refuted = menolak/menyangkal

6. gained = mendapatkan

7. foothold= pijakan

8. never be realized = tidak pernah terwujud

9. thus = sehingga/demikianlah

10. keep trusting = tetap mempercayai

                           Ok let's focus to this sentence

Abu Dabi oil's reserves cause a drop in the UAE's economy

                          we also can say

Abu Dabi's oil reserves lead to the drop of the UAE's economy

Abu Dabi oil's reserves result in the drop of the UAE's economy
The drop of the UAE's economy is the effect of Abu Dabi's oil reserves
The drop of the UAE's economy is the result of Abu Dabi's oil reserves
The UAE's economy is such the drop that Abu Dhabi's oil reserves.
The UAE's economy is so weak that Abu Dhabi's oil reserves.

the above sentences are how to express cause and effect, you can reverse the sentence
 x....causes ....y
or
y....is the effect of x

after you studied about cause and effect expression, let's we practice our skill in determining fact and opinion, lets we focus on this sentence.

It is believed by some that if Abu Dhabi runs out of oil the UAE’s economy would fall apart.

the above sentence using the auxiliary modal verb would
other modal verbs are will, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, have to

1. would to stating an opinion
It is believed by some that if Abu Dhabi runs out of oil the UAE’s economy would fall apart.
2. will to state fact, the example is
Global warming will make the birds are lying egg earlier
could to state an opinion
Without Abu Dabi's oil reserves, UAE's economy could survive
"can" for stating fact vs "could" for stating an opinion

STUDY TIPS

You can make your writing style more interesting by using referents and, thereby, avoiding repetition of nouns, which would make your writing monotonous. Remember using referent is an essential writing skill for many Writing Task. Compare these two styles of writing.

Referents are words, which refer back to something that has been mentioned before. They not only add variety to your writing and speaking but also provide cohesion.

A number of referents can be identified:
Personal Pronouns
I, you, he/she, it, we, they, one, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns
this, that, these, those
Possessive Adjectives
my, you're, his, her, their, on's, its. our
and here's the example of the referents.
What is global warming? It's the result of billions of individual decisions. You can't manage that at the scale of the individual.

The word 'It's' refers to global warming and the word 'that' refers to global warming.

OK, that all for today. Hope to keep enjoying your study and study English!

Formal vs Informal Congratulation

Understanding the formal conversational text in daily life context and involving speech: expressing congratulations formally and informally.

Lesson

In this lesson, you will learn to understand formal and informal expression of congratulation.

Formal vs Informal Congratulation

To congratulate someone’s achievement, you may express it in various ways. For example, when one of your relatives has a newborn baby, you may give a congratulations card or present. When your friends just won a competition, you must praise their achievement too.

       Congratulation is an expression of happiness which aims to show our care and appreciation on someone's special moment. Commonly, people express it by giving something such as presents or cards or saying it directly.

Formal Congratulations

Formal situation can happen in several places such as at work or at school. This context is usually used to appreciate older people. For example, when your teacher has a newborn baby, you could use formal expression. When you want to congratulate someone formally, you can congratulate them by saying the following phrases:
Please accept my warmest congratulations.
I’d like to be first to congratulate you.
I’d like to congratulate you on…..
I must congratulate you on ….
May I congratulate you on….
Congratulations on ….

Informal Congratulations

Informal situation can happen almost anytime, anywhere. You can use informal expression to your friends, or your siblings. There are several phrases to congratulate others in informal context. You can use the following phrases:
Congratulations!
Well done!
Good Job!

Responding to congratulation

When you want to respond to expression of congratulation, you can say the following phrases:
Thank you very much for saying so.
It’s very good of you to say so.
I’m glad you say so.
Thank you so much.
Oh, thanks.
Thank you.

Do You Understand?

To understand how to use the expression of congratulation formally, read the conversation below.

(Situation: Your teacher has a new born baby)

You: I’d like to be the first to congratulate you on your new born baby.
Teacher: It’s very kind of you.
You: She is very beautiful and cute.

To understand how to use the expression of congratulation informally, read the conversation below.

Nanda: How was your SNMPTN test?
Ayunda: I'm so glad, I passed the test.
Nanda: That’s awesome. Congratulations, you did well!
Ayunda: Thank you very much.

Key Points

Here are things you should remember about expressing congratulation:
* Should pay attention to the context because it has two context; formal and informal.
* Use phrases that showing politeness when we speak to elders.
* Use these phrases informally: congratulations, well done, good job.

Formal vs Informal Compliment

Learning Objectives

In this lesson, you will learn formal compliment and how it differs from the informal one.

Lesson

In the lesson under the topic giving informal compliments, you have learned about complimenting a person in a casual way. Here, you will learn how to compliment a person in a more formal way. The following dialogue is based on the following setting.

Settings:
Mr Simon and Mr Jan meet in a party at their friend’s house. Mr Simon comes with his wife who is wearing simple yet elegant black nightgown.
Note: Pay attention to the parts in bold.

Mr Yaya: Hello, how are you?
Mr Simon: Fine, thank you. How are you?
Mr Yaya: Very well, thanks. Nice party, isn’t it?
Mr Simon: Yes nice. However, nothing compares to how my wife looks tonight.
Mr Yaya: Oh yes, of course. Mrs Simon, you are looking wonderful in your gown.
Mrs Simon: Thank you. That’s a nice compliment. My husband gave this as a present for my birthday.
Mr Simon: You deserved it, my dear. (Mr Simon says to his wife)

In the dialogue, the expressions in bold are the way people give compliments. The dialogue also shows how to respond to a compliment formally. It is important to remember, when people say polite things to you, you should respond them politely, too.

Here, Mr Yaya is complimenting Mrs Simon who is wearing simple but elegant gown by saying “You are looking wonderful in your gown.” Getting this compliment, Mrs Simon thanking Mr Yaya by saying “That’s a nice compliment.”

You can use the above compliment or you can choose one of the following formal compliments expressions:

You are looking beautiful today.
May I be so bold as to compliment your blue outfit
May I pay you a compliment? You really look elegant today.
I hope you don’t mind, but you are looking great today.

Tips

The above compliments are used when you want to show your admiration to a person’s appearance in a formal way. When it is a person’s skills or possessions to admire, you can choose the following expressions.

Complimenting someone’s skills

I admire your ability to sew.
My compliments on your cooking.
You are a fine writer.
I must say you really know how to sketch.
You can really subtitle.
If you don’t mind my saying, you are an incredible artist.
What an amazing singer you are!
I wish I could draw as well as you!

Complimenting possessions

What an interesting view you have from your bedroom.
I couldn’t help but notice your beautiful hair.
What a lovely smile you have!
You have such an obedient monkey.
You have such a cozy house.
I have to admit I’m jealous of your achievement.

Key Points

So, what are the differences between informal and formal compliment?
* Formal compliment is longer than the informal one.
* Formal compliment is used to compliment a person that you don’t know very well, while an informal compliment is delivered to a person that has a close relation to the speaker.

Introducing Yourself in Polite and Casual Ways

Objectives

1. Comprehend the expressions that are used to introduce yourself by identifying polite and casual ones.
2. Introduce yourself in polite and casual ways appropriately.

Learn about it!

In the previous lesson, you have already learned how to greet others in polite and casual ways. So, after you greet someone you just meet for the first time, what’s next? Of course, you do not stop there and say goodbye directly because it will be really awkward. Also, remember why did you greet them in the first place?

Link Video Self Introduction Click Here!

Introduce Yourself

The first thing to do when you meet someone that you do not know is to introduce yourself. In this lesson, you will learn how to do it in polite and casual ways. Now, pay attention to the dialogue below.

Based on the given situation in the text above, we know that Aldo and Dion did not know each other before. So, Aldo introduces himself first by saying, “Hi, my name is Aldo”. While Dion introduces himself to Aldo by saying “Hi, I’m Dion.” The conversation happens in a casual way and the expressions used are also the ones that are usually used for introducing yourself in a more casual way.

Take a look at another example below.

The above example is slightly different from the first example. In this case, Jeni introduces herself in front of her classmates. She greets them first by saying, ““Good morning everybody”“. This is a formal and polite greeting. After that, she introduces herself politely by saying ““Allow me to introduce myself, my name is Jeni.”“ The situation is rather formal; she has to introduce herself in front of the whole class including her teacher. Therefore, Jeni introduced herself in a more polite way.

Do you understand?

More examples for you

Mr. Fatah : Good morning, students.
Students : Morning, Sir.
Mr. Fatah : Before we start our lesson today, let me introduce myself. My name is Abdul Fatahilah, you can just call me Mr. Fatah. I am going to be your English teacher for this semester.
Antonio : Hi, I’m the person in charge here. My name is Antonio. You can call me Tio.
Safa : Hi, Tio. I’m Safa. Good to see you.

Keypoints

Some tips for you when you want to make an introduction:

• Consider the situation, whether it is formal or informal.
• Consider the person you are talking to. So, you know whether you should use more polite or casual language.