CAUSE AND EFFECT

Objectives

through this section, you will learn how to use cause and effect and also referents

Welcome to study English
In this series, we are going to talk about cause and effect relationships
Listen to someone who talks about Global Warming.
Try to Brainstorming, Note-taking, and developing ideas for the topic below!
Learn about it!

Let's watch this video!

What is the speaker talk about?
....................
By doing brainstorming, you can determine general information about the text.

What are the causes of global warming?
..................
you see in the clip car, factory waste, and cutting down trees

you can find specific information by doing a note-taking. It is very essential during the listening task.

Now its time for you for explaining what is global warming?
................
By developing ideas you will able to explaining what global warming is.

Here is the script for that clip.

Read the text then make cause and effect sentences!
So, what is global warming? It’s the result of billions of decisions. It's caused by decisions made by individuals-like driving big cars rather than small cars. And it's caused by decisions made by corporations and nations, like dumping waste into the atmosphere.

Nature is already responding to global warming. There have been changes in global weather patterns.

Trees are flowering earlier. Birds are laying eggs earlier. Butterflies are moving up hills.

What is global warming? It's the result of billions of individual decisions. You can't manage that at the scale of the individual.

Managing the atmosphere has to take at the global level. That's why it needs international agreement.

OK, so you read the text about What global warming is.

What has caused global warming?
You read 'gases in the air, cars, factory waste, and people cutting trees down. So if you made notes, you would get an idea these were the thing causing global warming.
Global warming is caused by people using cars, and people dumping waste into the atmosphere.

Now let's look for some of the effects
Driving cars causes air pollution.

The others example are
1. Global warming is the result of a billion decision
2. A billion decision lead to Global warming
3. Global warming is caused by dumping waste into the atmosphere
4. Dumping waste into the atmosphere leads to global warming
5. Birds are laying eggs earlier is the result of global warming
6. Birds are laying eggs earlier is the effect of global warming

To express cause and effect we can use some logical connector such as SO...THAT/ SUCH ...THAT. Here are the examples

Managing the atmosphere in the scale of the individual is SO difficult that ways we need international agreement.

It is such a serious problem that ways we need international agreement.

we can use this pattern SO + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + THAT

The sky of Jakarta is so dark that the factories are dumping waste into the atmosphere

we will try to use this pattern SUCH + NOUN + THAT
It is such a serious problem that ways we need the international agreement

let's play game "Click Here"



You could practice how to use cause and effect relationship in this order.

Traditionally, the UAE’s economy has been completely reliant on oil within the past 15 years, however, its economy has diversified. Some believe that the UAE’s economy will collapse if Abu Dhabi runs out oil and some refute this. This point of view will be discussed in this order.

It is believed by some that if Abu Dhabi runs out of oil the UAE’s economy would fall apart. An idea that supports this is the historical fact that the UAE’s economy has been almost completely dependent on its capital oil reserves. It can be argued that this history will remain true in the future. Thus, it is clear why some people gravitate towards this point of view.

On the other hand, many argue that Abu Dhabi’s oil reserves are not the only industry upholding the UAE’s economy, for example, industries such as tourism and construction has gained a very strong foothold in the Emirate’s economy. Thus, these industries can be expected to support the UAE’s economy the absence of oil. It is clear why many supported this claim.

For reason related to history and recent developments, the issue of economic stability in the UAE without the support of Abu Dhabi’s oil is supported and refuted by many. However, after analyzing these two points of view, it is clear that the historical condition in the Emirates has changed. Thus, the argument that the UAE’s economy would fall apart without the support of Abu Dhabi’s oil cannot be supported and is expected to be never be realized. It can be recommended that keep trusting to the UAE’s economy with or without supported by Abu Dhabi’s oil reserves.

Vocabularies

1. reliant= terkantung

2. diversified = beragam

3. collapse = runtuh

4. upholding = mengangkat

5. refuted = menolak/menyangkal

6. gained = mendapatkan

7. foothold= pijakan

8. never be realized = tidak pernah terwujud

9. thus = sehingga/demikianlah

10. keep trusting = tetap mempercayai

                           Ok let's focus to this sentence

Abu Dabi oil's reserves cause a drop in the UAE's economy

                          we also can say

Abu Dabi's oil reserves lead to the drop of the UAE's economy

Abu Dabi oil's reserves result in the drop of the UAE's economy
The drop of the UAE's economy is the effect of Abu Dabi's oil reserves
The drop of the UAE's economy is the result of Abu Dabi's oil reserves
The UAE's economy is such the drop that Abu Dhabi's oil reserves.
The UAE's economy is so weak that Abu Dhabi's oil reserves.

the above sentences are how to express cause and effect, you can reverse the sentence
 x....causes ....y
or
y....is the effect of x

after you studied about cause and effect expression, let's we practice our skill in determining fact and opinion, lets we focus on this sentence.

It is believed by some that if Abu Dhabi runs out of oil the UAE’s economy would fall apart.

the above sentence using the auxiliary modal verb would
other modal verbs are will, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, have to

1. would to stating an opinion
It is believed by some that if Abu Dhabi runs out of oil the UAE’s economy would fall apart.
2. will to state fact, the example is
Global warming will make the birds are lying egg earlier
could to state an opinion
Without Abu Dabi's oil reserves, UAE's economy could survive
"can" for stating fact vs "could" for stating an opinion

STUDY TIPS

You can make your writing style more interesting by using referents and, thereby, avoiding repetition of nouns, which would make your writing monotonous. Remember using referent is an essential writing skill for many Writing Task. Compare these two styles of writing.

Referents are words, which refer back to something that has been mentioned before. They not only add variety to your writing and speaking but also provide cohesion.

A number of referents can be identified:
Personal Pronouns
I, you, he/she, it, we, they, one, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns
this, that, these, those
Possessive Adjectives
my, you're, his, her, their, on's, its. our
and here's the example of the referents.
What is global warming? It's the result of billions of individual decisions. You can't manage that at the scale of the individual.

The word 'It's' refers to global warming and the word 'that' refers to global warming.

OK, that all for today. Hope to keep enjoying your study and study English!