REPORT TEXT

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

Responding to the meaning and generic structure in written essay fluently and accurately in daily life context and to access science in a text form: report

LEARN ABOUT IT

What is Report?

1.      Definition of Report

The report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

2.      Generic Structure of Report

1.      General classification: Stating classification of the general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general

2.      Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part, customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

3.      Language Feature of Report

•         Introducing group or general aspect

•         Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc

•         Using simple present tense

4.      Examples and structures of the text

Example of Report Text

A.     Platypus; a report text

Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like a duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.

The platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has the ability to sense sound and light.

Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. On the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.

Analyzing on the Text

Generic Structure analysis

General classification; stating general classification, the animal of platypus.

Description; describing in detail characterization of platypus' body and habitual life

Language Feature Analysis

Focusing in group; the animal of platypus

conditional, logical connective; but, in the other hand

Simple present tense pattern; Platypus lives in streams, male platypus does not need any burrow, etc

Small Notes Report Ciri Umum: (a)   Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya. (b)   Struktur Teks/Generic structure ü  General Clasification; Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasinya. ü  Description:tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors; Gambaran dari fenomena yang akan didiskusikan seperti bagian – bagiannya, kebiasaan atau tingkah laku jika benda hidup, kegunaannya jika non natural. (c)   Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan: ·         general nouns, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Insland’, dsb. ·         relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptiles are scaly animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia), dsb. ·         action verbs dalam mejelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly, dsb. ·         present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya Komodo dragons usually weight more than 160 kg, dsb. ·         istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen, dsb. ·         paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah informasi.

KEY POINTS

• The social function of a report text is to report, classify, or describe the way things are.
• The difference between this text and descriptive text is that report text only consists of facts while in a descriptive text you might also find the writer’s opinion.

How to Write A Narrative Text: Sad Stories

see: Understanding Narrative : Myth or Legend

Learning Objectives

Expressing meaning and generic structure in an essay by using written text accurately and fluently in daily life context in a text form: Narrative. In this lesson, you will learn more about narrative text and you will learn how to write a narrative text.

Lesson

How to Write A Narrative Text: Sad Stories

Do you like reading stories? What kind of stories do you like? There are a lot of types of stories. There are drama, romance, mystery, comedy, etc. At school, you might call this kind of story as narrative text. Narrative basically means spoken or written story. A narrative text is a written story which happened in the past.The story is often fictional. It doesn’t always tell about human beings. There are also narrative stories about animals, fairies, and other creatures.

        Narrative text has a purpose to entertain or to amuse the readers which means a narrative should be entertaining or amusing. This means, writing a narrative is not as easy as reading it. There are some things that make a narrative text different from other genres. Before you learn how to write a narrative text, read the following story.

Read

The Lonely Rabbit

Once upon a time, there lived a rabbit in a forest. He liked running around the meadow, but he was always alone. He looked for a friend, but he never found any other rabbit. He only had a parrot which came flying around the meadow once a day. He always thought of leaving the place he was living so that he could meet other animals, but he was too afraid of what was out there.

        One day, the parrot sat on a branch of a tree while the rabbit sat under it. “It must be fun to be able to fly.” said the rabbit to the parrot. “Yes, it is. I can meet other birds and other animals, too.” said the parrot. “Aren’t you scared?” asked the rabbit.

“No, I am not. I can look everything from above.”The parrot answered.

The rabbit said, “Please teach me how to fly. I am all alone here. I want to see other rabbits.”

        The parrot advised him to stay on the ground. The rabbit could not fly because he did not have wings. Nevertheless, the rabbit did not listen. He climbed the tree. “What are you doing?” asked the parrot “You will fall." The rabbit jumped off the tree hoping he could fly. Sadly, he instantly fell down and injured himself. The parrot took him to the rabbit’s place. The rabbit was very sad. Since then, he could not run around the meadow anymore. The rabbit regretted what he did. He wished he could turn back the time and listened to what his only friend ever said.

image source: www.gwenburn.co.uk

Do You Understand?

There are three main parts, and another one, in a narrative text:

• The first part is called orientation. In this part, you tell the readers about the main character of the story and his or her condition (happy, sad, poor, rich, etc.), where the story took place, and when it happened. This part always comes in the first paragraph. As in the story of The Lonely Rabbit, the rabbit is the main character.
• The second part is called complication. This is where you tell the problem which arises in the story. For example, when the rabbits wanted to fly and asked the parrot to teach him, that is the problem of the story.
• The third part is called resolution. This is where you tell the readers how the problem is solved. In the rabbit story, the rabbit tried to fly but he failed and ended up injured himself. That is how the problem is solved although it doesn’t end with a happy result, but it is how the story ends.
• In writing narrative story you might also want to add re-orientation. This is optional. This is the part where you can add closing statement or give moral value, because a narrative text should have a moral value.

Key Points

Furthermore, there are several things you should note about writing a narrative text:

* In writing narrative text you should use past tense.

* A narrative text usually starts with adverb of time such as: once upon a time, a long time ago, etc.

* You can add dialogues in direct speech form (e.g. “What are you doing?” asked the parrot.)

Lets Practice!

Soal 1

A narrative text is mainly written in ....

a. Past tense
b. Future tense
c. Present tense
d. Future perfect
e. Present perfect

• Petunjuk: The story happened in the past.
• Pembahasan: The tense used in a narrative text is past tense. Narrative stories tell about events, conditions, that happened in the past. To show this, using past tense is the most appropriate way to write a narrative text.

Soal 2

We write a narrative text to ....

a. amuse the readers
b. describe something
c. tell about future events
d. explain how things work
e. tell how to do something

• Petunjuk: The basic purpose of narrative
• Pembahasan: A narrative text is aimed to amuse the readers. It means that the story is entertaining the readers. Although the genre is sad, it still can entertain readers in terms of taking readers away to the imagination of the writer. The plot, nature of the characters and setting are all the elements that can entertain readers.

Soal 3

The part where the problem arises is called ....

a. Resolution
b. Orientation
c. Description
d. Complication
e. Re-orientation

• Petunjuk: The part in which there is a conflict.
• Pembahasan: The part where the problem happens is called complication. A complication contains conflicts. Conflicts can appear in many forms and many ways, such as conflicts between characters (external conflicts) or conflicts within an individual (internal conflicts).

Soal 4

The part where you can add moral value is called ....

a. Crisis
b. Resolution
c. Orientation
d. Complication
e. Re-orientation

• Petunjuk: This part is optional
• Pembahasan: You can add moral value to the story in re-orientation part. This is usually placed at the end of a story. Story ending is contained in re-orientation, including the moral value.

Soal 5

These adverbs of time can be used to open a narrative, except ....

a. Once
b. One day
c. Next year
d. Long time ago
e. Once upon a time

• Petunjuk: The story happened in the past.
• Pembahasan: The adverbs of time which doesn’t indicate past event is “next year”. Although what you mean is the following year, in writing a narration, use the year after or the following year to keep the context in the past. Beware of choosing the right adverbs of time.

Soal 6

The following things are there in the orientation part except ....

a. The solution of the problem
b. The condition of character’s life
c. The time when the story happened
d. The place where the story took place
e. The introduction of the main character

• Petunjuk: Orientation is the opening of the story which tells introduction.
• Pembahasan: The solution of the problem comes in the resolution part. This is where problem solving takes place. The solution usually comes after the climax or peak of a problem.

Soal 7

Arrange these sentences into a good paragraph:

1. Every day she came to a river bank to read a book.
2. There once a pretty little girl who lived in a village.
3. The old lady didn’t have anything to eat.
4. One day, she met an old lady near sleeping the river.
5. She looked so pale that the girl felt pity for her.

a. 2-1-3-4-5
b. 2-1-4-5-3
c. 2-1-5-3-4
d. 2-1-5-4-3
e. 2-1-4-3-5

• Petunjuk: The story is about a little girl who met an old lady.
• Pembahasan: The correct arrangement is: “There once a pretty little girl who lived in a village (2). Every day she came to a river bank to read a book (1). One day, she met an old lady near sleeping the river (4). She looked so pale that the girl felt pity for her (5). The old lady didn’t have anything to eat.” (3)

Soal 8

The following text is for questions no 8 to 10.

Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks.

Days passed away and his father . . . (8) being ill. He had to leave the city in go back to the village to take care of his father. He was afraid of losing his father. This is where he . . . his mind (9). He didn’t want to go back to the city anymore. Since he left the village his father lived alone. No one . . . (10) care of him.

The correct word to fill in the blank no 8 is ....

a. start
b. starts
c. started
d. will start
e. have started

• Petunjuk: The action happened in the past.
• Pembahasan: The past form of start is started.

Soal 9

The following text is for questions no 8 to 10.

Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks.

Days passed away and his father . . . (8) being ill. He had to leave the city in go back to the village to take care of his father. He was afraid of losing his father. This is where he . . . his mind (9). He didn’t want to go back to the city anymore. Since he left the village his father lived alone. No one . . . (10) care of him.

The correct word to fill in the blank no 9 is ....

a. left
b. lost
c. ended
d. changed
e. stopped

• Petunjuk: He thought differently.
• Pembahasan: “He didn’t want to go back to the city anymore” indicates that he changed his mind.

Soal 10

The following text is for questions no 8 to 10.

Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks.

Days passed away and his father . . . (8) being ill. He had to leave the city in go back to the village to take care of his father. He was afraid of losing his father. This is where he . . . his mind (9). He didn’t want to go back to the city anymore. Since he left the village his father lived alone. No one . . . (10) care of him.

The suitable word to complete the paragraph is ....

a. took
b. asked
c. saved
d. looked
e. wanted

• Petunjuk: Take after
• Pembahasan: His father lived alone. No one took care of him.

 

RECOUNT TEXT

Objectives

• Learners are able to understand the use of recount text.
• Learners are able to understand the content of a recount text

Learn About It

A recount text is a text that contains several chronological events explained by the writer. The events might be the writer’s personal experiences happening in his/ her life. The aim of a recount text is to tell the readers/listeners about particular chronological events.

Now pay attention to the following example of a recount text. Pay attention to how the writer tells the story chronologically.

I went to Yogyakarta last holiday. I went there with my best friends: Gian, Lili, and Fitra. There were four of us. Before we went there, we had booked our hotel for four days and three nights. We went there by train because it was cheaper and we would not get stuck in traffic.

So, our first day of adventure began and we decided to start exploring Yogyakarta from one of its most popular tourist spot: Keraton Yogyakarta. We went to keraton by pedicab. Our next destination is the museum. We went to several museums in Yogyakarta. From one museum to another, we took the bus “transjogja”. We only need to pay Rp. 3500,- for the bus. The bus was comfortable with air conditioner inside.

The second day, we went to Borobudur temple. It was quite far from the city, but it was worth the trip because you would see the wonderful view of Borobudur. Next, we went to Prambanan temple and saw the art performance in Prambanan at night.

The third day we went to Parangtritis beach. We played there until noon and we walked around Malioborostreet at night.

On the last day, we went around the city to find any local restaurant that sold local foods. Finally, we were heading home at night.

That was the most amazing experience that I have ever had with my bestfriends because that was the first time we went together for holiday. I would love to do it again someday.

In the text above, you can see that the first paragraph tells you about who was involved in the story (the author and her three friends: Gian, Lili, and Fitra), when and where the event happened (last holiday, they went to Yogyakarta). It gives you the overview of the events. This part is called orientation.

*The next paragraphs (paragraph two to paragraph five) tell you about the description of the events in chronological order from the first day until the last day. *Those paragraphs tell you more about the events. You can find where the author went or what s/he did during the events. These paragraphs are called the events.

The last paragraph tells you about the author’s statement of the event (it was the most amazing experience for her and she would love to do it again).It is also a closing statement of the text. This part is called re-orientation.

If we take a look at the text above, we will know that recount text in general consists of three parts:

1. Orientation: This part is the opening part that gives the reader overview of the setting, the time, and/or the participants.
2. Event(s): In this part, the author tells the reader the sequence of events that happened in the past. This part describes the series of events in detail and in chronological order.
3. Re-orientation: This part is optional. You can include re-orientation in your text or not. If you want to include this part, you need to understand that this part is more like a closing paragraph. This part is about personal statement of the author related to the story.

Example of Recount text

A.     Vacation to London

Mr. Richard’s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons. They went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to the British Embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They had booked fourteen days tour. This includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around London

They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. On the plane the cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper and magazine to read. They gave them food and drink. There was a film for their entertainment. They had a very pleasant flight. They slept part of the way.

On arrival at Heathrow Airport, they had to go to Customs and Immigration. The officers were pleasant. They checked the document carefully but their manners were very polite. Mr. Richard and his family collected their bags and went to London Welcome Desk. They arranged the transfer to a hotel.

The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room had perfect view of the park. The room had its own bathroom and toilet. Instead of keys for the room, they inserted a key-card to open the door. On the third floor, there was a restaurant serving Asian and European food. They had variety of food.

The two week in Londonwent by fast. At the end of the 14-day, they were quite tired but they felt very happy.

B.      Between Recount and Narrative

Something which happened in the past is the main resource to compose both recount and narrative text. In writer's point of view, the thing is an experience. It can be what the writer has done, hear, read, and felt. Composing recount and narrative is retelling the experiences of the past event to be a present event.

What does recount differ from narrative?

The easiest way to catch the difference is analyzing the generic structure. Recount text presents the past experiences in order of time or place; what happened on Sunday, then on Monday, the on Tuesday. In simple way, recount describes series of events in detail. It does not expose the struggle on how to make them happen. The event happened smoothly. On the other hand, narrative introduces crises and how to solve them. Narrative text always appear as a hard potrait of participant's past experience. It reveals the conflict among the participants. Cinderella's conflicts with her step mother and sister are the example. The conflict is the most important element in a narrative text. Narrative without comflicts is not narrative any more.

C.      Visiting Bali

There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.

On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town. The street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned very late in the evening to Kuta.

The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center

My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.

D.     My Horrible Experience

Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.

Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.

Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.

When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.

Keypoints

What is Recount?

1.      Definition of Recount

Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative

2.      Generic Structure of Recount

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time

2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past

3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

3.      Language Feature of Recount

• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc

• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc

• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc

• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc

• Using simple past tense

Explanation Text

Objectives

Basic Competence: Responding to the meanings and rhetorical ways in an essay by using an accurate, fluent, and acceptable writing style in daily social contexts in forms of explanation text.

Learn about it!

You will learn more about the explanation text, especially the ones related to natural phenomena in this lesson. Moreover, you will learn to comprehend the messages conveyed in the text.

As you have probably learned earlier, an explanation text is a kind of text that aims to describe how something happens or why it is made. An explanation text actually is almost the same as procedure text, but there are essential differences between those two. For starters, the purpose of those kinds of text: the explanation text tends to explain, while the procedure text is intended to show the way of how to make something.

Moreover, an explanation text provides you the information about some issues that are interesting or important for people to know about. In general, the aim of an explanation text is to explain how something forms or why that happens; it explains the sequence, cause, or theoretical understanding of a phenomenon or an event. Thus, the text will cover the answer of "how" or "why" relating to the topic being discussed. An explanation text is organized with the generic structure of a general statement and a sequence of explanations, alongside the closing.

There are diverse topics that an explanation text can cover. Usually, it covers the topics related to science, phenomena, and also social, for instance about why certain social phenomena happen, how to conduct an experiment, or how natural phenomena occur.

A.     Tsunami

The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A tsunamigk is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.

Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.

Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.

(simplified from www.panda.org)

B.      How Day and Night Happen

The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day and sets at night. However the sun does not actually move around the earth. Earth's turning on its axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.

The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as rotation. It causes day and night. The earth also moves around the sun. It takes 365 days or a year. This process is called revolution. The revolution process causes the changes of the season

C.     Why Summer Daylight is Longer than Winter Daylight

In the summer, the amount of daylight that we get is more than we get in winter. This is not because as much people think we are closer to the sun but because of the tilt of the earth.

The earth is actually closer to the sun in winter than it is in summer but you would be forgiven for thinking that this can not be true after looking out of your window on a cold and frosty morning.

It seems strange that as the earth get closer to the sun during its orbit than the amount of daylight that we get decrease. But that is the case. It is the tilt of the earth that determines the amount of daylight that we get and so the length of time that for us the sun is above the horizon.

 (Taken from: www.ictteachers.co.uk)

Keypoints

What is the Explanation?

1.      Definition and purposes of Explanation

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to the forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history textbooks.

2.      Generic structure of Explanation

·         General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.

·         Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps that explain the phenomena.

3.      Language Feature

·         Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc

·         Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc

·         Using passive voice pattern

·         Using simple present tense